What Is a Second Cousin?

The number associated with your cousin has to do with how many generations away your common ancestor is. For example:

• First cousins share a grandparent (2 generations)
• Second cousins share a great-grandparent (3 generations)
• Third cousins share a great-great-grandparent (4 generations)
• Fourth cousins share a 3^rd-great grandparent (5 generations)

What Does it Mean to be a Cousin “Once Removed”?

To be “once removed” from a cousin means you are separated by one generation. The number before “removed” will always represent the number of generations you are separated (“removed”) from the cousin.

If you look at the cousin chart above, you’ll see that each row is color-coded by generation. You, your siblings, and your first, second, and third cousins are all of the same generation.

You may have noticed that the boxes labeled “cousin once removed” are either from one generation above or below you. You are “once removed” if you are separated by 1 generation and “twice removed” if you are separated by 2 generations, and so on.

I hope that helped.

Maureen

The Lucky Times Vol 6 No 4 (Lucky School’s Newsletter) (19 January 2023)

The Lucky Times Vol 6 No 3 (Lucky School’s Newsletter) (6 October,2022)

The Lucky Times Vol 6 No 2 (Lucky School’s Newsletter) (5 August, 2022)

The Lucky Times Vol 6 No1 (Lucky School’s Newsletter) (26 April, 2022)

The Lucky Times Vol 5 No4 (Lucky School’s Newsletter) (December 18, 2021)

The Lucky Times Vol 5 No3 (Lucky School’s Newsletter) (October 11, 2021)

The Lucky Times Vol 5 No2 (Lucky School’s Newsletter) (July 23, 2021)

Nane Holmes 70th Birthday photos – 6 July 2021

A lovely story about a visit to Palmerston by Sandra Paterson and Noel Bartley.

The Lucky Times Vol 5 No 1 (Lucky School’s Newsletter) (April 24, 2021)

The Lucky Times Vol 4 No 4 (Lucky School’s Newsletter) (Jan 7, 2021)

Palmerston memories revisited, Stella Neale (March 28, 2020)

Family History Presentation, Maureen Hilyard (2015 – ebook)

Photos of Palmerston, Frances O’Connor (2014, ebook)

Early Documents from Palmerston Island, Rachel Hendry (2013, ebook)

My journey to Walcote, Maureen Hilyard (March, 2007 – ebook)

Trip to Palmerston, Maureen Hilyard (August, 2004 – ebook)

Mama’s story, Kirsten Hilyard (1986)

Story by Jon Jonassen

According to a Traditional source of Aituaki, Palmerston was originally discoveredby ocean explorer Ti several years before European Aririval. It is uncertian if Ti was an Aituakian Native, but moreso spent a considerable amount of time in Aitutaki while passing through.

Ti came across a small atoll, what was nothing but a few sandbanks sitting just above the high water line. Ti and his followers were the first to establish coconut trees on this atoll, with the hope of it growing and providing susteance to any who pass by.

Ti called this island “Avarau”.

After a period of time Ti and his follwers left Avarau and landed in Niue, it is here where he spoke of the discovery of Avarau. Ti remained in Niue for the rest of his life where he left many descendants.

Sometime after his death, News spread to Aitutaki about Ti and his crew settling in Niue. Word also broke that there was an Island in close proximity he found called “Avarau”.

While no one is sure of who “discovered” Palmerston first, Ti is held in high regard as being the first to establish Coconut trees and life for the atolls. Therefore solidifying his legacy as the first person to discover Palmerston.

A insert from Missionary William Wyatt Gill who was the resident missionary for Mangaia, spoke about some archaeological finds in Takamoa, Rarotonga. Twelve ancient graves were found with no clear explanation of whom they were, as well as 30 – 40 stone adze (Traditional stone Axes). These Stone Adze were found at the root of Multiple Coconut trees within the area.

It is unknown who put them there, but archaeologists see this as a prominent feature in knowing what trees were purposefully planted and what trees were there naturally.

If your uprooting a Coconut tree anytime soon, Check the roots !

A collection of these stone adze are at the Cook Islands Museum on show currently

(My heritage has a future – Jon Jonassen)

I thought you might like to read something different to the usual fare of our current situation. I submitted this draft for a magazine. I’m not sure it made the cut but maybe you my friends and family, might enjoy a light hearted essay about my childhood and have a giggle:

The early daybreak light before the sun rose was the start of our day, and my alarm clock was Granny’s voice in her Palmerston Island -dialect of English saying, “Get up for the prayer”. Sometimes I’d stay lying not wanting to arise, aware of the scent of the kerosene lantern that lingered in the morning air. My mother would shake me up with an urgent whisper, “Baby get up.” No one stayed sleeping through morning prayer.

Prayers was a daily part of our life in Palmerston. The evening prayers at sunset was preceeded by the ringing of the big ship’s bell which sent us scurrying home from our games. It hung in the corner-front verandah of the Big House, my great uncle William Marsters’ home. His sister, Elizabeth, was my great grandmother and was known as One Gal, William Marsters’ favoured daughter. Her eldest child, Tehinano, was my grandmother who died in the cyclone of 1926. Mum was 2 years old when that cataclysmic event happened and she was brought up by her mother’s sister Sarah, whom we called Granny.

The house had a thatched coconut roof and walls with a raised wooden floor. The posts were native timber, milled from the trees growing on Palmerston which is my birth place. The sides of the house had large hinged sections from the floor to ceiling called ‘lifting’. Someone would be despatched to “Go put up the lifting” to bring in the sea breeze for Granny’s benefit; she suffered badly from asthma.

Breakfast was often yesterday’s leftovers, usually fish. Weetbix and cornflakes was as uncommon as the supply ship which came from Rarotonga, some 280 km southeast of us.

My brother and I had daily chores; to sweep up the fallen leaves, fetch water from the well or the water tank for a morning wash, and help Granny to feed the chickens. ‘Helping’ meant sitting by her and biting extracted coconut flesh into little bits and tossing them out to the chickens that came running. Instead of tossing, sometimes I would chew and swallow and Granny smiling, would gently chide me. “Baby, it’s for the chickens, not you.” I was always “Baby” not Stella or Sarah, her name given as a middle moniker. Granny had a special part in my life: she was the midwife at my birth.

Some of the men of my mother’s generation and their fathers were superb craftsmen – building longboats and canoes for fishing and transporting people, loads of coconut, copra and supplies. Once, when returning from Rarotonga on the schooner Tiare Taporo, we came ashore on my uncle’s boat. I was four and was seated on my mother’s lap, wrapped tightly in her arms. Her brother steered with a long oar and as we approached the passage in the reef, ropes were thrown out to men standing on either side. A call was made to, “Pull away.” The men pulled, and the oarsmen on our boat leaned into their oars; a heart-stopping thrilling ride on the swell of a wave.

In the earlier part of the century, school was held in a house at the end of the road towards the lagoon and the curriculum was supervised by the London Missionary Society (LMS). Each child had a slate and chalk to write with. They were supposed to have their own rag and bottle of water to clean the slate. Spitting and using your hands was not allowed; a rap across the knuckles was the stinging consequence.

When I was ready to go to school , it had been built inland in its present location for protection from cyclones. Named Palmerston Lucky School, there were two large rooms and books and pencils were supplied. I would dawdle on my way to school watching the sea birds flying above the tree tops. The path ran alongside a cemetery, the rocks exposed in the crumbling concrete graves of people from long ago and that of my grandmother.

My school lunch was often uto (coconut kernel) or ‘tachi cake’ – a sweetened, crispy pancake of plain flour and water. Sometimes I was given my favourite: a piece of smoke dried or dried salted fish. Because there was no electricity (therefore no freezers), fish had to be preserved by smoking, drying or salting.

I was once given a task to keep the flies away from the drying, salted parrotfish fillets hanging from their tails over wooden rods. They were my absolute favourite. I walked up and down the rows with the tip of a coconut frond in each hand to fan away the pesky flies.
When the sun’s heat became unbearable, I sought shelter: squatting and crawling duck-like beneath the rows. Now hanging tantalisingly close – just inches from my face, the inevitable happened and I surrendered to the irresistible aroma of sun-dried fish. “Don’t eat the fish,” mum had said. She might as well have had said “Don’t breathe!” To avoid detection , I pinched off random bits. It didn’t save me. At dinner one night, my uncle casually said, “We have some big flies with really big mouths, eating the salt fish. They bite here and there. Really clever flies we got.” I didn’t say a word. A guilty red flush spread over my burning face.

The next day I had a new chore – to collect fallen coconut branches. It took all of my seven year old strength to drag one branch to the pile for burning but I didn’t mind. I’d had enough of walking in the hot sun and my craving for salted fish was satisfied. Temptation had also been removed and safely stored out of my reach.

If you search on Google for Palmerston Island and William Marsters, you will find a plethora of information about our island atoll and William with his three wives. It was recently named as one of twelve most isolated and least visited places in the world.

Some of Frances’s photos are also used in a very short video about Palmerston . View that here – “Holiday time for the family?”

If you want to know more about how to make these Doodly videos, check out doodles4fun.com.

Amusing Planet – Palmerston where everyone is related.

It is not often I come across an article about Palmerston that I like and this one was interesting . Click here or onto the caption of the photograph of Palmerston Island from the air. The right hand island is the one that everyone lives on, although the three families have access to their own coconut trees and other crops that they might grown on the other smaller islets around their lagoon. The focus of this story is the relatedness between those who live on the island. Many are not from the island but are married to those who are real Palmerston Islanders. There are only about 60 people on the island at any one time, and it is very isolated, sometimes not seeing a boat or getting supplies for several months.

Family trip to Palmerston Island 2004

We were seen off on our voyage by family and friends because Boat Day to any of the outer islands is a special occasion – especially as it is going to take at least 2 and half days – if the going is good. But the rest of the trip was quite memorable and I would recommend it to everyone.

My journey to Walcote, Leicestershire, 2007

The cover of this eBook consist of my key informants – descendants of the brothers of William’s father John. The most interesting was Des Masters who was descended on his mother’s side as well as his father’s side from two of John’s brothers. Another informant was Kath Green, whose family has lived in Walcote for generations and was able to show me some family members who were in photos around the walls of the Walcote Inn which existed in the days William’s family lived in Walcote.

Early documents from Palmerston Islands and their implication for the origins of Palmerston English. (2013)

Rachel Hendery from the Australian National University visited Palmerston and spoke to inhabitants on the island, as well as some on Rarotonga to complement the documents she had located which helped her with her study on Palmerston English.

Palmerston Family Fundraising Group Annual General Meeting 2016

In 2016 the family on Rarotonga were tasked with fundraising for the Palmerston Hostel – as it was to be called in the day. We had a lot of fun and not only mobilised our own small group but also assisted with helping to mobilise and support other family groups in Auckland, Hamilton and even Wellington whom I was also able to visit. Everyone was very supportive of the project and in the end they all assisted to get the building up, and it is done. But this was the report that was given to the family about our work during 2016 in support of this project.

Unfortunately I was to miss the Health Conference as I was expected within the next few days at an Asia Pacific Regional Internet Governance Conference of my own in Vladivostok, in Russia with other Pacific Islands participants from Samoa and Fiji, and at least two hundred other attendees from all over the Asia Pacific region.

Meanwhile, Norman George wrote up a report for CINews recording the celebration of the opening of the Palmerston Hostel but also in preparation for the annual Health Conference.

“The grand opening of the Marsters House on July 8 injected euphoria, joy and ebullience amongst the descendants of William Marsters from Palmerston Island.

Their stunning success in a six-month blinding speed construction work rewarded with poetry in motion.

The costumes split amongst the five family lines of the Marsters descendants, with hundreds of head and neck ei worn by the happy masses, dancing to the drumbeats and music drawing gasps of admiration from those attending.

The proud descendants of William Marsters seized the moment to live their dreams! The hard work, the laborious fundraising, the frustrations and disappointments spread over a period of 30 years work in the Cook Islands, New Zealand and Australia suddenly came together!

Some of the original project creators have passed on, but are not forgotten. They received the accolades they all deserved.

As the last of ten outer-islands to build accommodation houses, hostels, and utility buildings on Rarotonga in the past 40 years, one can easily say, “out of the many, one stood out!” The House of Marsters and the parrot fish island of Pamati stood out!

The nation applauds you, the great people of Palmerston Island. You have won the hearts and minds of the people of the Cook Islands. You provided us with inspiration, great feelings, enhanced realism, new levels of pride, moral uplift and so much more!

The combination of heart and mind, courage, determination and hard work is the Mt. Everest that the Palmerston people conquered.

The other great event was the 21^st Annual Health Conference of the Cook Islands, held at the auditorium from Wednesday 10-Friday 12 July. The organisers being the Cook Islands doctors from New Zealand, Dr Joseph Williams, Dr Kiki Maoate, Dr Robert Woonton, together with the dynamic team from Te Marae Ora, under the amazing leadership of Health Minister Vainetutai Rose Toki Brown.

With Dr Josephine Aumea Herman to complete the two prodigious high performing duo, with support staff from the Ministry equal to the task!

This annual conference gets bigger and better since Dr Kiki and I launched it in the Rarotonga Hospital kitchen 21 years ago. I was then minister of health. Dr Kiki ultimately linked up with Dr Joe and Robert to build the Health Conference in what I consider to be the best run conference in the Cook Islands.

The level of representation from medical experts presenting papers is incredible. The conference kicked off with a riveting prayer service from Bishop Tutai Pere.

He urged Cook Islanders to take more care of their health! The Bishop told the audience when he confronted some sick people for not taking their medicine, they replied they much preferred to rely on prayers. He encouraged them to do both!”

-Norman George

My book, “The Masters of Walcote” includes his chapter on “A Pearl Shelling Enterprise” which tells of an adventure that Marsters had BEFORE he started working for Brander and eventually ended up on Palmerston Island. It also took place not too long after Marsters arrived in the Pacific. 

I added this article into the Walcote book because it came to light after the publication of my first book “Stories of Palmerston”. It was Gerald McCormick, a scientist working in the Cook Islands and an avid William Marsters historian, who located the article. It is a rare glimpse into William Marsters and his adventures not long after his arrival in the Pacific. It was by someone of authority who had had direct contact with him and who was in a position to have recorded the event. 

William Marsters came to Trood’s attention around about 1858. He had heard that Marsters had mentioned that on his way to the Pacific by way of Honolulu, he had come across an island with an abundance of pearl-shell. The island was located to the north-east of Penrhyn and inhabited by cannibals, but the potential value of the pearl-shell could be worth the risk.

In the mid-1800s pearl shell was a highly valued commodity for buttons in Europe. It was selling for £120 a ton (around about £50,000 in today’s money so it was worth considering the investment). Trood and other potential investors persuaded Marsters and investigate the possibility of retrieving some of this bounty.

To tell the story briefly, quite a lot of money was invested. Marsters was sure he could locate the island again, and that he’d be able to employ divers from among his wife’s family in Penrhyn. However, several unusual incidents occurred on the journey to Penrhyn and when they arrived on Penrhyn, Sarah’s father, the chief refused to provide divers for the venture. The island they were seeking was tapu (taboo). The venture had to be called off.

Trood reminisced about what could have been, and at one stage later on in his South Pacific career he considered going in search of the island again with divers offered by Brander who later employed Marsters in the Cook Islands. But Trood reconsidered…”Divers or no divers, the venture stood thick with dangers.” 

Trood left Marsters on Manihiki and never saw him again although he obviously kept track of his whereabouts for several years after, as he knew when Marsters had arrived on Palmerston Island, and that he eventually died there.

(from maureenhilyard.blogspot 2009)

If you read any documented genealogy, and researched material as in the “Stories of Palmerston” or “The Masters of Walcote”, you will see that Akakaingaro (who was named Sarah by William Marsters) was in fact married to William Marsters according to pre-missionary custom on Penrhyn island. 

I am descended from Sarah’s family (my lineage is William I, William II, Tearaia, Jane, me). Akakaingaaro / Sarah’s family is often referred to as the “first family” because of his marriage to her. William had a liaison with another woman on Penrhyn before he married Sarah, but even she is not referred to as his “first family” even though Arehata had a daughter, Litia (in Penrhyn, and Ritia in Rarotongan).

It is this acknowedged marriage on Penrhyn that identifies Sarah as the head of the “first family”. However, when it comes to the allocation of land her descendants are referred to as the “middle family”. The other two (de facto) wives of William Marsters were allocated the beach sides of the island.

The sections are marked out by trees and stone edged pathways. In the middle section are some communal usage areas eg the church, the water tank and their “mountain” or “refuge hill”. This is a slight mound in the middle of the island where the families frequently ran for safety during the hurricanes of the early days. Even today it provides the island’s residents with some protection during high seas.

(from maureenhilyard.blogspot 2009)